1 PARAGRAPH PER QUESTION 6 Questions 1 Paragraph Each no reference or formatting these question answers are entered into an ebook so plagiarism doesn’t even matter doesn’t have to be original nor waste your time on apa format or references neither dont need them
- During the post-World War II period, as pharmaceutical companies began to provide medications to control or even cure previously untreatable disorders, psychiatry was left behind. It had few proven treatments and was viewed by many as an unwanted stepchild of medicine. In response to this crisis, psychiatry had to re-invent itself to appear as much of a science as the other specialties in medicine. Panels of experts spoke at length about the glories of the medical model of psychiatry and were touted as experts in their field when the media requested interviews (Whitaker, 2010). The American Psychiatric Association provided workshops for psychiatrists on how to conduct themselves in television interviews, and sought out positive media coverage (Whitaker, 2010). Physicians who did not fully endorse the “party line” were shunted aside, and the media were not referred to them for interviews (Whitaker, 201Basking in the reflected glory of the growing list of psycho-pharmaceuticals, psychiatrists were rarely asked why — if there were many effective treatments for mental illness — there were so many more people who were mentally ill than in earlier times and why their prognosis was so much worse than the prognoses for persons with the same disorders at the turn of the 20th century. In the early days of psychiatry, depression or schizophrenia did not have the same lifelong disabling prognosis that it does in the era of modern pharmacotherapy (Whitaker, 2010). The pharmaceutical revolution did not cause the state hospitals and asylums to open their doors and discharge thousands of patients back into the community; rather, it was the introduction of Medicaid and Medicare programs in 1965 that did so. These programs provided for the reimbursement for care of the chronically mentally ill in community nursing homes but not in state hospitals or asylums. Thus, the patients were discharged to community nursing homes, where their care was paid for though Medicare and Medicaid (Whitaker, 2010).The purpose of any professional medical organization, Whitaker (2010) noted, is to increase the profits of practitioners in that organization. This creates a situation in which: (A) pharmaceutical companies produce a wide range of compounds that affect the function of the brain; (B) the public (and to a large degree the medical community) has been educated to believe that these psycho-pharmaceuticals are effective; (C) the pharmaceutical industry claims that these medications are safe because they have conducted carefully choreographed research to prove this; (D) the Food and Drug Administration has adopted a stance in which it works more closely with pharmaceutical companies to promote their products than as a watchdog agency working to insure the public’s health; and, (E) these medications can be prescribed only by licensed health care professionals (usually physicians) who have been taught that this is the only way to treat mental illness and are instructed on the proper use of these medications by pharmaceutical-company-trained salespersons. It might be argued that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders helped to define the various forms of mental illness, helping to legitimize psychiatry.References
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition). Washington, D.C.: Author.1. Is there a conflict of interest in this process? Why or why not? ANSWER: (1 PARAGRAPh) 2. Do you agree with the author’s perspective? What experience or evidence do you have to support your argument? ANSWER: (1 PARAGRAPH) The article states “most people with alcohol and other drug (AOD) use disorders suffer from co-occurring disorders (CODs), including mental health and medical problems, which complicate treatment and may contribute to poorer outcomes”. 3. How are outpatient programs, clinicians, and residential settings equipped to handle this need and clinical area of concern? ANSWER: (1 PARAGRAPH) 4. As a clinician, where does your responsibility lie in being aware of the non-mental health needs and how they can impact, interrupt, or sabotage treatment? ANSWER (1 PARAGRAPH)
Dual diagnosis clients often demonstrate different forms of denial depending on the skills and training of the professional interviewing them. Contrast the following two hypothetical interviews. The client is a man who is assumed to be 25 years old and is recovering from the aftereffects of a closed head injury he suffered while intoxicated. Counselor: So, we are meeting here to discuss your substance use to try and determine whether you have a substance abuse problem. Client: Can you speak up a bit? The accident left me with a hearing problem. Counselor (speaking more loudly): In the year before your accident, how often would you say you would drink alcohol in the typical week? Client: I can’t remember much of the year before the accident. I was told by the doctors that I probably won’t be able to regain any of those memories back. Counselor: All right, how far back does your memory allow you to recall things clearly? Client: Two or three years back. Counselor: Then describe what your alcohol use pattern was like 2-3 years ago. Client: Oh, it was not a problem back then. I hardly ever used alcohol. But I can’t remember clearly, because of my head injury. Sorry. Now contrast this with the following hypothetical interview between a physician and the same client the next day. Physician: Well, you seem to be recovering quite well. But your alcohol and drug abuse bothers me. Client: Oh. The counselor told me that I don’t have a problem. We discussed this yesterday and he said that I did not even seem to abuse alcohol. I never use drugs, so that is not a problem. But my shoulder still hurts me a lot. Physician: Does it hurt when you move your shoulder in a specific way, or does it hurt all the time? Client: All the time. Can you give me something for the pain? In this hypothetical set of conversations you can see how the client shifted the focus away from his substance use to his medical condition when meeting with the rehabilitation counselor, and then away from his substance use to a physical problem when meeting with the physician (with a ploy to obtain painkillers tossed in for good measure). Thus, clear and continuous communications between the professionals who are involved in the patient’s treatment is always necessary. For example: Counselor: So, we are meeting here to discuss your substance use, to try and determine whether you have a substance abuse problem. Client: Can you speak up a bit? The accident left me with a hearing problem. Counselor (speaking more loudly): Really? Dr. Smith did not mention that in his notes. I will have to mention it to Dr. Smith when we meet later this afternoon and Dr. Smith will want to discuss that problem with you. But let us move on. In the year before your accident, in a typical week how often would you consume alcohol? Client: I can’t remember much of the year before the accident. I was told by the doctors that I probably won’t be able to regain any of those memories back. Counselor: Hmmm. The neuropsychological test results did not suggest either short term or long term memory problems. It is strange you cannot remember that information now. Client: Can I see the report? Counselor: You can discuss the report and the conclusions with the neuropsychologist after we are finished. Right now we are discussing your alcohol use in the year prior to your accident… 5. What changes do you notice between the third dialogue and the first pair of dialogues? ANSWER (1 PARAGRAPH) 6. What practices caused those changes? ANSWER (1 PARAGRAPH)